Power Factor Correction

Power factor is very important factor in power distribution systems. Normally power factor is considered as energy saving practice but it is more of system improvement practice and very little impact can be observed on reduction of losses.

To view actual saving of power correction a good article by Stephen David can be downloaded from the following link.

http://uploading.com/files/c481246c/Actual%2BSaving%2Bthrough%2BPF%2BCorrection.pdf/

Power factor can also be improved at load side which is more beneficial in terms of reduction in losses. The effect of motor efficiency also depends upon power factor. Here an article by ACTEL can be downloaded to cover the relation of motor efficiency and power factor.

http://uploading.com/files/dcec6m3e/Motor%2BEfficiency%2Band%2BPower%2Bfactor.pdf/

An article describing working of power factor correction by General Energy.

http://uploading.com/files/757dceef/PFC%2BWorking.pdf/

A comprehensive book on Power factor correction can be found on the following link;

Power Factor Correction Handbook.PDF - 10.9 MB

Power Factor Correction Calculator

Good Calculator giving you calculation for Power Factor Calculation at Load and at the Service Feeder

http://www1.eatonelectrical.com/calculators/PowerFactorROI/index.html

Conversion Factors

To Convert	To	Multiply by
Atmospheres	Bars	1.01325
	Pounds-force/sq in	14.696
Bars	Pounds-force/sq in	14.5
Boiler Horsepower (BHP)	BTU/hr	33,475
	Kcal/hr	8435.6
	Kw	9.9805
	Horsepower (mech)	13.155
BTU	Cal, g	251.996
	Foot pound-force	777.649
	Kg-force meters	107.514
	Kw-Hours	0.000292875
BTU/Hr	Calorie, kg/gram	0.5555
	Foot pound-force/lb	777.649
Calories, g	BTU/hr	0.003.971
	Foot pound-force	3.08596
	Gram-force cm	42664.9
	Joules	4.184
	Kg-force meters	0.42665
Centimeters	Inches	0.3937
Cm of HG O deg C	Atmospheres	0.01316
	Bars	0.01333
	pound-force/sq in	0.1934
Cu Centimeters	Cu ft	3.51E-05
	Cu inches	0.06102
Cu Feet	Cu centimeters	28316.8
	Cu meters	0.02832
Cu ft/pound	Cu cm/gram	92.428
Cu ft/sec	Cu cm/sec	28316.8
	Liters/min	1699.01
Cu feet	Cu meters	35.3147
Cu feet of water at 32 deg F	Pounds	62.4
Degrees Centigrade	Degrees Farenheit	F = [C X (1/8)] + 32
Degrees Farenheit	Degrees Centigrade	C= (F-32) X 0.555
Dynes	Gram-force	0.0010197
	Joules/meter	1.00E-06
	Pound force	2.25E-06
Feet	Centimeters	30.48
	Meters	0.3048
Gallons (Brit)	Gallons (US liq)	1.2009
	Liters/min	4.546
Gallons (US liq)	Gallons (Brit)	0.83267
Gallons (US) of water at 60 deg F	Pounds	8.337
Grains of hardness per gallon	Parts/million	17.117
Inches of water at 39.2 deg F	Pound-force/sq in	0.03613
Inches	Centimeters	2.54
Kilograms	Pounds (avdp)	2.2046
Kilogram-force/sq cm	Pounds-force/sq in	14.223
Kilowatts	BTU/Hr	3414.4
Liters	Cu cm	1000
	Cu feet	0.03531
	Cubic inches	61.0237
	Gallons (US liq)	0.26417
Meters	Feet	3.28094
	Inches	39.3701
	Yards	1.0936
Parts/million	Grains/Gal (US liq)	0.05842
Pound-force/sq in	Atmospheres	0.06805
	Bars	0.06895
	Kg-force/sq cm	0.07031
Pounds of water at 32 deg F	Cu feet	0.01602
Tons (metric)	Kilograms	1000
	Pounds (advp)	2205
Tonnes	Kilograms	1000
Tons-refrigeration	BTU/hr	12000
Watts	BTU/hr	3.41214
Zoll (Switzerland)	Centimeters	3

Source: clayton industries

Designing of Air Systems

Very Good Resource for Designing Air Systems by captiveaire

Just Click: http://uploading.com/files/aceef434/DesignAirSystems.pdf/

Basics of Axial Flow Fans

Good Resource about Axial Flow Fans by HUDSON Products Corporation.

Just Click:http://uploading.com/files/mem5efm6/Basics%2Bof%2BAxial%2BFlow%2BFans.pdf/

Equation for Measuring flow through rectangular weir

he Kindsvater-Carter rectangular weir equation

Pumping Power Requirement in Horse Power

GPM = Gallons per Minute
Head = Height of Water (ft)
Efficiency of Pump = %/100
 PSI = Pounds per square Inch
Specific Gravity of Water = 1.0
 
1 CuFt per Sec. = 448 GPM
1 PSI = A Head of 2.309 ft (water weight)
62.36 lbs per CuFt at 62°F